Furthermore, in two-parameter space, we have seen that the system experiences the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation. Hopf-bifurcating periodic solutions have been demonstrated to emerge around the positive equilibrium point, and the direction of the Hopf-bifurcating limit cycle is determined using the first Lyapunov coefficient. We present comprehensive mathematical findings that cover fundamental dynamical features, the presence of positive equilibria, and the stability of all equilibria. Assessing the dynamics of the system with the combined influence of fear and harvesting for various values of n is our central objective. In the current study, the dynamics of predator–prey systems under the influence of fear effect on the reproduction of prey population and harvesting on both species has been proposed.
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